Python Interview Questions and Answers: Python, developed by Guido van Rossum, debuted on February 20, 1991. Its interpreted nature offers flexibility and dynamic semantics. Being free and open-source with clean syntax, Python is highly favored and easy to learn. It supports object-oriented programming and excels in general-purpose programming. To help job seekers prepare for Python Technical Interview Questions, we have compiled a list of the Top 100 Python Interview Questions and Answers. These Latest Python Interview Questions cover a range of topics, from basic syntax to advanced features, and are suitable for both experienced developers and freshers.
★★ Latest Technical Interview Questions ★★
Python Interview Questions for Freshers
Whether you possess expertise in Python or are a novice, these Latest Python Interview Questions aim to assist you in excelling during your Python interview. Delve into the frequently asked Python interview questions applicable to both freshers and experienced professionals.
Top 100 Python Interview Questions and Answers
1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It is widely used for various applications, including web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and more.
2. Explain the difference between Python 2 and Python 3.
Python 2 and Python 3 are different versions of the Python programming language. Python 3 introduced several changes and improvements over Python 2, including syntax enhancements, better Unicode support, and a more consistent standard library. Python 3 is the recommended version for new projects.
3. What are the key features of Python?
The key features of Python include its simplicity, readability, dynamic typing, automatic memory management, extensive standard library, and support for multiple programming paradigms such as procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.
4. What is PEP 8, and why is it important?
PEP 8 is a style guide for Python code, providing guidelines and recommendations for writing clean, readable, and consistent Python code. It is important because adhering to PEP 8 improves code maintainability, and collaboration among developers, and reduces potential bugs or issues.
5. How is memory managed in Python?
- Memory management in Python is handled by the Python Memory Manager.
- The memory allocated by the manager is in the form of a private heap space dedicated to Python.
- All Python objects are stored in this private heap space, which is inaccessible to the programmer.
- Python provides core API functions to work with the private heap space.
- Python has an in-built garbage collection mechanism to recycle unused memory in the private heap space.
6. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?
A list in Python is a mutable sequence data type, allowing elements to be added, removed, or modified. In contrast, a tuple is an immutable sequence data type, meaning its elements cannot be changed after creation. Tuples are typically used to store related pieces of information as a single entity.
7. How do you handle exceptions in Python?
Exceptions in Python can be handled using try-except blocks. Code that may raise an exception is placed within the try block, and potential exception types are specified in the except block. If an exception occurs, the corresponding except block is executed, allowing for graceful error handling.
8. What are Python namespaces? Why are they used?
In Python, namespaces play a crucial role in ensuring the uniqueness of object names within a program and avoiding conflicts. Python’s implementation of namespaces involves utilizing dictionaries, where the name serves as the key and the corresponding object acts as the value. This dictionary-based approach allows for the same name to be used in multiple namespaces, each mapped to a distinct object. Here are a few examples that illustrate the concept of namespaces:
- Global Namespace: When you define a variable or function outside of any function or class, it belongs to the global namespace. Objects within the global namespace can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
- Local Namespace: Each function or method has its own local namespace. Any variables or functions defined within a function are part of its local namespace and are accessible only within that function.
- Built-in Namespace includes built-in functions of core Python and built-in names for various types of exceptions.
The lifecycle of a namespace depends upon the scope of objects they are mapped to. If the scope of an object ends, the lifecycle of that namespace comes to an end. Hence, it isn’t possible to access inner namespace objects from an outer namespace.
9. What are the different types of data types in Python?
Python supports various built-in data types, including integers, floating-point numbers, strings, booleans, lists, tuples, dictionaries, and more. Each data type has its specific characteristics and uses.
10. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?
| List | Tuple |
|---|---|
| Mutable (can be modified) | Immutable (cannot be modified) |
Elements enclosed in square brackets [ ] |
Elements enclosed in parentheses ( ) |
| Supports operations like append, remove, and sort | Does not support item assignment or any modification |
| Used for dynamic data storage and manipulation | Used to store related pieces of information together |
11. What do you understand by NumPy?
NumPy is a popular open-source package in Python for array processing. It provides highly optimized tools for working with complex arrays, making it versatile and powerful. With its N-Dimensional array processing feature, NumPy is commonly used for scientific computations, trigonometric operations, algebraic and statistical computations, and broadcasting functions. It is known for its high performance and flexibility in handling various operations.
12. Explain the concept of a generator in Python.
A generator in Python is a function that returns an iterator object. It allows you to generate a sequence of values on-the-fly without storing them in memory all at once. Generators are useful for working with large datasets or when memory efficiency is a concern.
13. What is the purpose of the __init__ the method in a class?
The __init__ method, also known as the constructor, is a special method in Python classes that is automatically called when an object is instantiated from a class. It is used to initialize the object’s attributes and perform any necessary setup operations.
14. Define GIL.
The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mutex in Python that controls access to Python objects and ensures thread synchronization to prevent deadlocks. It enables multitasking but not parallel computing. The GIL diagram illustrates the functioning of the Global Interpreter Lock.
The diagram shows three threads. The first thread acquires the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) initially and begins executing I/O operations. Once the I/O operations are complete, the first thread releases the GIL, allowing the second thread to acquire it. This cycle continues, with different threads taking turns acquiring the GIL until they complete their execution. Threads without the GIL enter a waiting state and only resume execution when they acquire the lock.
15. What is the use of the pass statement in Python?
The pass statement in Python is a placeholder statement used when a statement is syntactically required but no action is needed. It is commonly used as a placeholder for future code or to create empty functions or class definitions.
16. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy in Python?
| Shallow Copy | Deep Copy |
|---|---|
| Creates a new object with references | Creates a completely independent copy |
| Changes to the copied object affect the original | Changes to the copied object do not affect the original |
Uses the copy() method or slicing ([:]) |
Uses the copy.deepcopy() function |
| Creates a copy of the top-level elements | Creates copies of all nested objects |
17. How do you perform unit testing in Python?
Unit testing in Python can be done using the built-in unittest module or third-party libraries such as pytest. It involves writing test cases to verify the correctness of individual units of code, such as functions or methods, by comparing expected outputs with actual outputs.
18. Explain the concept of a decorator in Python.
In Python, a decorator is a special construct that allows the modification or extension of the behavior of a function or class without directly modifying its source code. Decorators are implemented using the @decorator_name syntax and can be used for adding functionality like logging, timing, or authorization to functions.
19. What is the difference between Python’s append() and extend() methods for lists?
append() method |
extend() method |
|---|---|
| Adds a single element to the end of the list | Adds multiple elements (from an iterable) to the end of the list |
| Modifies the original list | Modifies the original list |
Example: my_list.append(5) |
Example: my_list.extend([6, 7, 8]) |
Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] |
Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8] |
20. How do you create a virtual environment in Python?
A virtual environment in Python is created using the venv module, available in Python 3. It allows you to create isolated Python environments with their own installed packages. The command python3 -m venv <environment_name> creates a new virtual environment, and it can be activated using appropriate commands depending on the operating system.
21. What is the purpose of the super() function in Python?
The super() function in Python is used to call a method from a superclass or parent class within a subclass. It is commonly used in inheritance scenarios to invoke overridden methods of the superclass while retaining the subclass’s customization.
22. How do you implement multithreading in Python?
Multithreading in Python can be achieved using the built-in threading module. It allows the execution of multiple threads simultaneously, which can improve performance for certain types of tasks. Threads are created using the Thread class and started using the start() method.
23. What is the difference between a function and a method in Python?
| Function | Method |
|---|---|
| Defined outside of a class | Defined within a class |
| Invoked by using the function name | Invoked by using the dot notation on an object |
| Does not have access to the object’s state | Has access to the object’s state and attributes |
Example: len(my_list) |
Example: my_list.append(5) |
24. What is the purpose of the json module in Python?
The json module in Python provides functions for working with JSON data. It allows you to serialize Python objects into JSON strings and deserialize JSON strings into Python objects, making it easy to exchange data between different systems.
25. How do you remove whitespace from a string in Python?
To remove whitespace from a string in Python, you can use the strip() method. For example, my_string.strip() would remove the leading and trailing whitespace from my_string.
26. Explain the concept of list comprehension in Python.
List comprehension is a concise way to create lists in Python. It allows you to create a new list by specifying an expression and an optional condition, iterating over an existing iterable. It provides a compact and readable syntax for creating lists in a single line of code.
27. How do you handle command-line arguments in Python?
Command-line arguments in Python can be handled using the argparse module. It allows you to define arguments, their types, and options and automatically generates help messages and error handling for your command-line interface.
28. What is the difference between a local variable and a global variable in Python?
| Local Variable | Global Variable |
|---|---|
| Defined within a function or a block of code | Defined outside of any function or block of code |
| Has limited scope and is only accessible locally | Can be accessed and modified from anywhere in the code |
29. What is the purpose of the collections module in Python?
The collections module in Python provides specialized container datatypes beyond the built-in types like lists and dictionaries. It includes classes like Counter, deque, namedtuple, and defaultdict that offer additional functionality and data structures for various use cases.
30. How do you reverse a list in Python?
To reverse a list in Python, you can use the slice notation with a step value of -1. For example, reversed_list = my_list[::-1] would create a new list reversed_list with the elements of my_list in reverse order.
31. Explain the concept of lambda functions in Python.
Lambda functions, also known as anonymous functions, are small and anonymous functions that can be defined in a single line of code. They are typically used in situations where a small function is needed for a short duration and do not require a formal function definition using the def keyword.
32. What is the difference between the range() function and the xrange() function in Python 2?
range() function |
xrange() function |
|---|---|
| Returns a list containing all the numbers in the given range | Returns an iterator object that generates numbers on the fly |
| Consumes more memory as it generates the entire list upfront | Consumes less memory as it generates numbers on the fly |
| Used when you need to access the sequence multiple times | Used when you have a large range and memory efficiency is crucial |
Example: range(1, 10) |
Example: xrange(1, 10) |
33. How do you convert a string to an integer in Python?
To convert a string to an integer in Python, you can use the int() function. For example, my_int = int(my_string) would convert the string my_string to an integer and assign it to my_int.
34. What is the purpose of the itertools module in Python?
The itertools module in Python provides functions for efficient looping and iteration. It includes tools for creating iterators, combining and manipulating tables, and generating various types of sequences and combinations.
35. How do you calculate the length of a string in Python?
To calculate the length of a string in Python, you can use the len() function. For example, length = len(my_string) would return the number of characters my_string and assign it to the variable length.
36. What is the difference between a static method and a class method in Python?
| Static Method | Class Method |
|---|---|
Defined using the @staticmethod decorator |
Defined using the @classmethod decorator |
| Doesn’t have access to the class or instance attributes | Has access to the class attributes, but not the instance attributes |
| Doesn’t take any mandatory special parameters | Takes the class (cls) parameter as the first parameter |
37. What are the differences between a shallow copy and a deep copy in Python?
In Python, a shallow copy creates a new object that references the original data, while a deep copy creates a new object with completely independent copies of the original data. Modifying a shallow copy can affect the original data, while a deep copy remains unaffected.
38. Explain the concept of lambda functions in Python.
Lambda functions, also known as anonymous functions, are small, inline functions defined without a name. They are created using the lambda keyword and are typically used for simple, one-line functions where a named function is not required.
39. How do you handle JSON data in Python?
JSON data in Python can be handled using the json module. It provides functions for encoding Python objects into JSON strings (serialization) and decoding JSON strings into Python objects (deserialization). The json module allows easy integration of JSON data with Python programs.
40. What is the purpose of the self keyword in Python?
In Python, the self the keyword is used as a convention to refer to the instance of a class within its own methods. It allows access to the instance attributes and methods, enabling proper encapsulation and interaction with the object’s state.
41. How do you perform database operations in Python?
Database operations in Python can be performed using various database libraries, such as sqlite3 SQLite, psycopg2 PostgreSQL, or mysql-connector-python for MySQL. These libraries provide functions and methods to establish connections, execute queries, and fetch or modify data in databases.
42. What is the difference between the is operator and the == operator in Python?
The is operator and the == operator in Python has different purposes:
is Operator |
== Operator |
|---|---|
| Checks if two objects have the same identity, i.e., if they refer to the same memory location | Checks if two objects have the same value, i.e., if their contents are equal |
Returns True if the objects are the same (referencing the same memory), and False otherwise |
Returns True if the values of the objects are the same, and False otherwise |
Example: a is b |
Example: a == b |
43. Explain the concept of duck typing in Python.
Duck typing is a concept in Python where the type or class of an object is less important than the behavior it exhibits. If an object walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it is considered a duck, regardless of its actual type. It allows flexibility in programming by focusing on what actions an object can perform rather than its explicit type.
44. How do you install external packages in Python?
External packages in Python can be installed using package managers like pip or conda. The command pip install package_name installs a package from the Python Package Index (PyPI) while conda install package_name installing a package from the Anaconda distribution or conda-forge.
45. What is the purpose of the map() function in Python?
The map() function in Python is used to apply a given function to each item of an iterable (e.g., a list) and returns an iterator of the results. It allows for concise and efficient processing of data, applying a function to each element without explicitly using loops.
46. What is the difference between the os module and the sys module in Python?
The os module and the sys module in Python serves different purposes:
os Module |
sys Module |
|---|---|
| Provides functions to interact with the operating system, such as file operations and directory access | Provides access to some variables used or maintained by the interpreter and its environment |
| Offers functionalities like file handling, process management, environment variables, and more | Provides access to the interpreter’s variables and functions |
Example: os.getcwd() |
Example: sys.argv |
47. How do you handle circular imports in Python?
Circular imports occur when two or more modules depend on each other. To handle circular imports, it is recommended to reorganize the code by separating shared functionality into a separate module or using techniques like importing inside functions or using the import module_name syntax at the point of use.
48. Explain the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python.
The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mechanism used in CPython (the default Python implementation) that allows only one native thread to execute Python bytecode at a time. It ensures thread safety by preventing multiple threads from concurrently modifying Python objects, but it can limit the parallel execution of CPU-bound tasks.
49. What are metaclasses in Python?
Metaclasses in Python are classes that define the behavior of other classes. They allow customization of class creation and can be used to modify class attributes, methods, or behavior during runtime. Metaclasses provide a powerful way to control the behavior and structure of classes in Python.
50. What is the difference between the finally block and the except block in Python’s exception handling?
The finally block and the except block in Python’s exception handling has distinct roles:
finally Block |
except Block |
|---|---|
| Used to specify code that should be executed regardless of whether an exception occurs or not | Used to specify code that should be executed only if a particular exception occurs |
Always executed after the try and except blocks, regardless of whether an exception occurred |
Only executed if an exception of the specified type occurs |
| Commonly used to release resources or clean up operations | Handles the specific exception and provides appropriate error handling and recovery mechanism |
51. How do you debug Python programs?
Python programs can be debugged using various techniques. The built-in pdb the module provides a simple command-line debugger. Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) like PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, or debugging tools like pdbpp offer more advanced debugging features such as breakpoints, stepping through code, inspecting variables, and more.
52. Explain the purpose of the yield keyword in Python.
The yield keyword in Python is used in the context of generators. It allows a generator function to pause its execution and yield a value to the caller. The function can then be resumed from the same point, maintaining its local state. The yield keyword enables the creation of iterable sequences without storing all the values in memory.
53. How do you sort a dictionary in Python?
Dictionaries in Python are inherently unordered collections. However, you can sort dictionaries based on their keys or values using the sorted() function and dictionary comprehension. For example, sorted_dict = {k: v for k, v in sorted(my_dict.items())} would sort the dictionary based on keys.
54. What are Python decorators used for?
Python decorators are used to modify the behavior of functions or classes without directly modifying their source code. They allow you to add functionality to existing functions or classes by wrapping them with another function or class. Decorators are often used for tasks like logging, authentication, or memoization.
55. How do you handle date and time in Python?
Date and time in Python can be handled using the built-in datetime module. It provides classes and functions to manipulate dates, times, and time intervals, and perform various operations like formatting, arithmetic calculations, and conversions between different time zones.
56. Explain the concept of name mangling in Python.
Name mangling in Python is a mechanism that modifies the names of class members to avoid naming conflicts between subclasses and their superclasses. By prefixing an attribute name with double underscores (__), Python automatically modifies the name to include the class name as a prefix to prevent accidental overriding.
57. How do you work with virtual environments in Python?
Virtual environments in Python allow you to create isolated environments with their own installed packages. To work with virtual environments, you can use tools like venv, pipenv, or conda to create, activate, and manage different environments for different projects, ensuring project-specific dependencies and isolation.
58. What is the purpose of the try and except blocks in Python?
The try and except blocks are used for exception handling in Python. Code that may raise an exception is placed within the try block, and potential exceptions are caught and handled in the except block. It allows for graceful error handling, preventing the program from crashing when exceptions occur.
59. How do you implement inheritance in Python?
Inheritance in Python is implemented using the class keyword and the concept of superclasses and subclasses. Subclasses inherit attributes and methods from their superclasses, allowing for code reuse and hierarchical organization of classes. In Python, you can create a subclass by specifying the superclass in parentheses when defining the class.
60. Explain the purpose of the finally block in Python.
The finally block in Python is used in exception handling along with the try and except blocks. The code inside the finally the block is executed whether an exception occurs or not. It is commonly used to perform cleanup operations, such as closing files or releasing resources, ensuring they are executed regardless of exceptions.
61. How do you work with sets in Python?
Sets in Python are unordered collections of unique elements. They can be created using curly braces {} or the set() constructor. Sets support various operations like union, intersection, difference, and membership testing. They are useful for tasks that involve handling unique values or testing for set membership.
62. What is the purpose of the sys module in Python?
The sys module in Python provides functions and variables that allow interaction with the Python interpreter. It provides access to system-specific parameters and functions, like command-line arguments, exiting the program, modifying the import path, and interacting with the runtime environment.
63. How do you handle concurrency in Python?
Concurrency in Python can be handled using multiple approaches, such as threads, processes, or asynchronous programming. The threading and multiprocessing modules provide facilities for working with threads and processes, while libraries like asyncio enable asynchronous programming using coroutines and event loops.
64. What is the purpose of the yield from statement in Python?
The yield from the statement is used to delegate the iteration control from one generation to another. It allows a generator to yield values from another iterable without explicitly iterating over it.
65. How do you handle file I/O in Python?
File I/O in Python can be handled using the built-in open() function. It allows you to open files for reading or writing and provides methods like read(), write(), and close() to perform file operations.
66. Explain the concept of generators in Python.
Generators in Python are functions that can be paused and resumed, returning multiple values over time. They are implemented using the yield keyword and provide an efficient way to iterate over large sequences or generate values on the fly.
67. How do you convert a string to lowercase in Python?
To convert a string to lowercase in Python, you can use the lower() method. For example, my_string.lower() would return a lowercase version of my_string.
68. What is the purpose of the os module in Python?
The os module in Python provides functions to interact with the operating system. It allows you to perform various tasks like file and directory operations, environment variable access, and process management.
69. How do you handle exceptions in Python?
Exceptions in Python can be handled using the try, except, else, and finally blocks. Code that may raise an exception is placed within the try block, and specific exceptions are caught and handled in the except block. The else block is executed if no exceptions occur, and the finally block is executed regardless of whether an exception occurred or not.
70. What is the purpose of the random module in Python?
The random module in Python provides functions for generating random numbers and making random choices. It allows you to perform tasks like generating random integers, floating-point numbers, shuffling sequences, and selecting random elements.
71. How do you remove duplicates from a list in Python?
To remove duplicates from a list in Python, you can convert it to a set using the set() constructor and then convert it back to a list. For example, my_list = list(set(my_list)) would remove duplicates from my_list.
72. Explain the concept of recursion in Python.
Recursion in Python is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a smaller version of the problem. It involves breaking down a complex problem into smaller subproblems and solving them recursively until a base case is reached.
73. How do you measure the execution time of a Python program?
The execution time of a Python program can be measured using the time module. By capturing the start and end time of the program and calculating the difference, you can determine the elapsed time. Alternatively, you can use the timeit module for more accurate timing of small code snippets.
74. What is the difference between Python’s == and is operators?
The == the operator is used to check the equality of the values of two objects, while the is an operator is used to check if two objects refer to the same memory location.
75. How can you swap the values of two variables without using a temporary variable in Python?
To swap the values of two variables, you can use the following syntax:
a, b = b, a
76. What is the purpose of the pass statement in Python?
The pass the statement is a placeholder in Python that is used when a statement is syntactically required but you don’t want to perform any action.
77. What does the __init__ method do in Python classes?
The __init__ method is a special method in Python classes that is automatically called when an object of the class is created. It is used to initialize the object’s attributes.
78. What is the purpose of the self the parameter in Python class methods?
The self parameter refers to the instance of the class itself. It is used within class methods to access and modify the object’s attributes.
79. How can you handle errors and exceptions in Python?
In Python, errors and exceptions can be handled using try and except blocks. The code that might raise an exception is placed within the try block and the corresponding exception-handling code is placed within the except block.
80. What is the purpose of the __name__ variable in Python?
The __name__ variable is a special variable in Python that holds the name of the current module. When a Python module is run directly, it __name__ is set to '__main__'.
81. What is the difference between a shallow copy and a deep copy in Python?
A shallow copy creates a new object that references the original elements. If the elements are mutable, changes made to them will affect both the original and the copied object. A deep copy, on the other hand, creates a completely independent copy of the object and its elements.
82. What are the benefits of using list comprehensions in Python?
List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists based on existing lists or other iterable objects. They are often more readable and efficient than using traditional loops.
83. What is the purpose of the with statement in Python?
The with statement is used in Python to ensure that a resource is properly managed and released, even if an exception occurs. It is commonly used when working with files, database connections, or any object that requires clean-up after usage.
84. What is the purpose of the pickle module in Python?
The pickle module in Python is used for object serialization. It allows you to convert Python objects into a byte stream representation, which can be stored in a file or transferred over a network. The pickle module is commonly used for data persistence and inter-process communication.
85. How do you sort a list in Python?
To sort a list in Python, you can use the sort() method or the sorted() function. The sort() method sorts the list in place, while the sorted() function returns a new sorted list, leaving the original list unchanged. Both methods allow for custom sorting using key functions or lambda expressions.
86. Explain the concept of regular expressions in Python.
Regular expressions in Python provide a powerful way to match and manipulate strings based on specific patterns. The re module in Python allows you to work with regular expressions, enabling tasks like pattern matching, string substitution, and splitting based on specific patterns.
87. How do you concatenate strings in Python?
Strings can be concatenated in Python using the + operator or by using the join() method. The + the operator allows you to concatenate two or more strings, while the join() method joins multiple strings by specifying a separator.
88. What is the purpose of the math module in Python?
The math module in Python provides mathematical functions and constants. It includes functions for operations like exponentiation, logarithms, trigonometry, and more. The math module allows you to perform complex mathematical calculations in your Python programs.
89. How do you check if a key exists in a dictionary in Python?
To check if a key exists in a dictionary in Python, you can use the in keyword or the get() method. The in keyword allows you to directly check if a key is present in the dictionary, while the get() method returns the value associated with the key if it exists, or a default value if it doesn’t.
90. Explain the concept of modules in Python.
Modules in Python are files containing Python definitions and statements. They allow you to organize code into reusable units and promote code modularity. Modules can be imported into other Python programs to access the functions, classes, and variables defined within them.
91. How do you format strings in Python?
String formatting in Python can be done using various methods. The older method is using the % operator, while the newer method is using the format() method. Python 3.6 introduced f-strings, which provide a concise and efficient way to format strings using embedded expressions.
92. What is the purpose of the csv module in Python?
The csv module in Python provides functionality for reading and writing CSV (Comma-Separated Values) files. It allows you to read data from CSV files into Python data structures or write data from Python data structures into CSV files. The csv module handles variations in CSV file formats and provides options for custom delimiters, quoting rules, and more.
93. How do you find the maximum and minimum values in a list in Python?
To find the maximum and minimum values in a list in Python, you can use the max() and min() functions, respectively. Both functions accept an iterable as input and return the maximum or minimum value from that iterable.
94. What is the purpose of the datetime module in Python?
The datetime module in Python provides classes for manipulating dates, times, and time intervals. It allows you to perform various operations like creating date and time objects, formatting and parsing dates and times, and performing arithmetic calculations with dates and times.
95. How do you convert a string to a list in Python?
To convert a string to a list in Python, you can use the split() method. By specifying a delimiter, the split() method splits the string into a list of substrings based on that delimiter.
96. Explain the concept of multi-threading in Python.
Multi-threading in Python allows you to perform multiple tasks concurrently within a single program. It enables parallel execution by creating multiple threads, each executing a different task simultaneously. Python’s threading the module provides the necessary functionality to work with threads.
97. How do you find the index of an element in a list in Python?
To find the index of an element in a list in Python, you can use the index() method. The index() method returns the first occurrence of the element in the list. If the element is not found, it raises a ValueError.
98. What is the purpose of the collections module in Python?
The collections module in Python provides additional data structures and functionalities beyond the built-in data types. It includes classes like deque, OrderedDict, defaultdict, and Counter that offer specialized features for various use cases.
99. How do you handle working with databases in Python?
Python provides several libraries and modules for working with databases, such as sqlite3, MySQLdb, and psycopg2. These modules allow you to establish connections to databases, execute queries, fetch results, and perform other database operations.
100. What is PYTHONPATH in Python?
PYTHONPATH is an environment variable that you can set to add additional directories where Python will look for modules and packages. This is especially useful in maintaining Python libraries that you do not wish to install in the global default location.
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